Integrated Circuits

Caupayan.JeddaAnne G.                                                                                                                            BSEd-4

Integrated Circuits

I.                    Introduction

We already know much about some of the components of a circuit lie resistors, capacitors and transistors. In this chapter you will learn about a circuit that has those three electronic devices. This chapter includes the definition integrated circuit its types and applications.

Figure 1: Integrated Circuit

Retrieved from: https://goo.gl/clR1u5

I.                    Definition

Integrated circuit is also known as micro chip or chip. It is a semiconductor that is composed of millions of resistors, capacitors and transistors. They said that integrated circuit is the keystone of modern electronics. It is also the heart and brain of most circuits because it can be found on every circuit board. All those electronic devices that is present in an integrated circuit are connected together to achieve a common goal and that is to be an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory or micro processor. IC is categorized into two, the linear or analog and digital. They can be used depending on its intended application.

Figure2: The guts of an integrated circuit, visible after removing the top.

Retrieved from: https://goo.gl/clR1u5

II.                    Types of Integrated Circuit

     1.       Linear Integrated Circuit (Analog)

-has a variable output that is continuous that depends on the input signal level

-the output signal level is a linear function of the input signal level, it means that when the instantaneous output is graphed against the instantaneous input, the plot appears as a straight line

-it is used as audio-frequency and radio frequency amplifiers

Figure 3: Linear IC

Retrieved from: https://goo.gl/GUFDu7

        2.       Digital Integrated Circuit

-can be seen and used only at few defined levels or states rather that a continuous range of signal amplitudes

-its fundamental building blocks are logic gates which work with binary data that is signals that have only two different states, called low (logic 0) and high (logic 1)

Figure 4: Digital IC

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III.                   Applications

       Integrated circuits are used in computers, digital clock, timer, counter, and etc. 

Figure 5: Digital clock

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Figure 6: Computer

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References:

https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/integrated-circuits

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/integrated-circuit-IC

Semiconductors

Caupayan,JeddaAnne G.                                                                                                                            BSEd-4

                                                                                Semiconductors

I.                    Introduction

Our prior knowledge tells us that conductors are materials that allow the flow of electric current in one or more directions. We also know that insulators cannot conduct electricity but there is a certain material that can be partly an insulator and conductor and that is semiconductor. This chapter will tell us about semiconductor, its types and applications.

II.                  Definition

Semiconductors are materials whose ability to conduct electricity falls somewhere between that an insulator and that of a conductor. Those are actually solid chemical elements that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not others, making it a good material for the control of electrical current. Semiconductors are used for electrical devices because their material characteristics can be changed significantly through the process called doping. Doping is s process of adding very small amounts of selected conductive additives called impurities to semiconductors. It can increase the number of free charges. When an impurity increases the number of free electrons, the doped semiconductor is negative or n-type, but when it reduces, causing more holes, it creates appositive or p-type semiconductor.

III.                Types of Semiconductors

1.       1. Intrinsic semiconductor

-a chemically very pure and possesses poor conductivity

-has equal number of carriers (electrons) and positive carriers (holes)

Retrieved from:

  http://www.electrical4u.com/theory-of-semiconductor/

   2.   Extrinsic semiconductor

-improved intrinsic by a certain process called doping, which alters chemical properties of semiconductors

a.       N-type

-majority carriers are electrons and minority carriers are holes

Retrieved from:

  http://www.electrical4u.com/theory-of-semiconductor/

a.       P-type

-majority carriers are holes and minority carriers are electrons

Retrieved from: 

http://www.electrical4u.com/theory-of-semiconductor/

I.                    Applications

1.       Semiconductor diodes

-these can be made by doping crystal of pure germanium (or silicon) to create a region of n-type

Retrieved from:

  https://goo.gl/iRW3ZU

a                                 a. Forward- biased

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  https://goo.gl/vq4Pbw

                                  b.    Reversed-biased

Retrieved from:

  https://goo.gl/CFc8xN

              2.       Semiconductors in photocopiers

-the photoconductors found in photocopiers are said to semiconductors

References:

http://www.electrical4u.com/theory-of-semiconductor/

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/semiconductor

Transducers

Caupayan, JeddaAnne G.                                                                                                                             BSEd-4

Transducers

Converting is not just in measurements but also in energy. In this chapter, you will know more about how energy converts into another form. You may wonder why we have light through electricity and modulate our voice with the use of microphone; it is because of this another topic that you will encounter in this chapter, the “transducers”.

Definition

1.       Transducer is one of the electronic devices that coverts one form of energy into another.

2.       Transducer plays a very important role in instrumentation. Instrumentation is the heart of industrial applications. Instrumentation is the art and science of measuring and controlling different variables such as flow, level, temperature, angle, displacement etc. A basic instrumentation system consists of various devices and one of these is transducer.

Retrieved from: http://goo.gl/jkJB1A

Types Transducers

1.       Electrical Transducer

-          a type of transducer that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

-          The input given to the electrical transducer can be in different forms like the form of the displacement, strain, velocity, temperature, flow etc and the output obtained from them can also in different forms be in the form of current, voltage and change in resistance, inductance and capacitance. The output can be measured easily and it is calibrated against the input, thus it enables the measurement of the value of the input.

-          most commonly used electrical transducer is potentiometer, and this device was already discussed in the previous chapter

2.       Piezoelectric Transducer

-          a special type of sensor

-          a type of transducer that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and similarly it can also convert from electrical energy to mechanical energy

-          used for detecting the drummer’s sticks impact in electronic drum pads. These are also used for the detection of muscle movements which can be termed as acceleromyography

Retrieved from: http://goo.gl/jkJB1A

1.       Temperature Transducer

-          a type of transducer that converts a temperature of a system into mechanical energy or electrical energy which is then sent to control the temperature of the system

-          used for measuring air temperature like in heating, air conditioning, ventilation and the like

Temperature based fan regulator

Retrieved from: http://goo.gl/jkJB1A

1.       Ultrasonic Transducer

-          a  type of transducer that is used for measuring the distance based on reflection of sound

Ultrasonic Sound Reflecting Means of Distance Measurement

Retrieved from: http://goo.gl/jkJB1A

Applications

                Transducers can be found in many different appliances like microphone, motor, electric fan, air-conditioner, light bulb and the like. Those mentions above are appliances that converts one form of energy into another that would result to a comfortable life and simpler as well.

Retrieved from: http://goo.gl/jkJB1A

Potentiometer

Caupayan, Jedda Anne G.                                                                                                                            BSEd-4

Potentiometer

                Have you wondered why you can adjust the volume in your television as well as its brightness? Well, it is because of this electronic device that plays a very important role in our homes and makes our lives easier and simpler. It is no other than the great potentiometer.

Definition:

                Potentiometer is an electronic device that controls the rate of resistance. It is a kind of resistor that is called as “variable resistor”. It has a variable resistance with the help of its simple knob. It is also a three-terminal resistor.

Retrieved from:

                                                              https://goo.gl/UzX3Mk

The main parts and functions of a potentiometer are the following:

•        Terminal 1 –  the one that will provide the grounding

•        Terminal 2 –  the input of potentiometer

•        Terminal 3 –  the output of potentiometer

•        Shaft – changes the amount of resistance on either side of the wiper which is connected to the center pin of the potentiometer

•        Wiper –  determines the output voltage of the potentiometer

•        Resistive strip – the heart of potentiometer

Types:

                There are two types of potentiometer, the rotational potentiometer and the linear potentiometer.

•        Rotational potentiometer – a type of potentiometer that adjusts the resistance from 0 degree and about 240 to 330 degrees maximum

Retrieved from:

https://goo.gl/8ZTl0m

Retrieved from:        https://goo.gl/FVmx2v

•        Linear potentiometer – a type of potentiometer that adjusts the resistance according to the displacement of the position of the slider or wiper

Applications:

                We can usually observe and apply potentiometer in the remote control of our televisions to adjust the volume and brightness. We can also use this in all music systems as a volume knob and also as fan regulators.

Experimental data

Objectives: At the end of the lesson we are expected to do the following:

                a. measure the voltage of the bulb with the use of potentiometer;

                b. compare the voltages of the bulb with closed pot, half-opened pot and opened pot

Materials:

                potentiometer

                bulb

                multitester

                AC-DC converter

•        POT without FIXED RESISTOR        R_BULB= 20 Ω

VOLTAGEOUT (V)	VOLTAGEDROP (v)
	CLOSED POT	HALF-OPENED POT	OPENED POT
3.1 V	2.8 V	1.4 V	0V
5.2 V	4.6 V	2.2 V	0V
7.2V	6.8 V	3.5 V	0V
9.2V	9.0 V	4.3 V	0V
12V	10 V	4.8 V	0V
BRIGHTNESSBULB	BRIGHT	DIM	NO LIGHT

•        POT with FIXED RESISTOR; R= 1100 Ω        R_BULB= 20 Ω

VOLTAGEOUT (V)	VOLTAGEDROP (v)
	CLOSED POT	HALF-OPENED POT	OPENED POT
3.2 V	2.2 V	1.1 V	0V
5.2 V	3.9 V	1.8 V	0V
7.4 V	5.8 V	2.7 V	0V
9.4 V	7.6 V	3.8 V	0V
12V	8 V	4.2 V	0V
BRIGHTNESSBULB	BRIGHT	DIM	NO LIGHT

Conclusion

                This activity shows that the voltage is low if the potentiometer is open and it is high when the potentiometer is close.

Retrieved from:

http://www.resistorguide.com/potentiometer/

http://www.digikey.com/product-search/en/potentiometers-variable-resistors

Diodes

Caupayan, Jedda Anne G.

Diodes

Since we are done talking about resistors, capacitors and potentiometer, let us move on to one of the most essential device in the field of electronics.

Definition:

Diode is one of the electronic devices that is composed of semiconductors like germanium and silicon. It is also a two passive terminal device, the anode and the cathode, by that it concerns of the polarity in connecting in the voltage source. It would also allow current to move through in one direction with far greater ease than the other.  Diode also controls the direction of current flow. The current that will pass through the diode will have only one direction. If the anode is connected to the positive terminal and the cathode in the negative terminal, the current will flow from the anode and that is called the forward biased and if the anode is connected to the negative terminal and the cathode is connected to the positive terminal, the current will flow from the cathode and it is called reversed biased. We will tackle about that later in this topic.

Types of Diodes

1.  Light emitting diode - another type of diode is the  light emitting diode or LED is one of the most popular types of diode. When forward biased with current flowing through the junction, light is produced. The diodes use component semiconductors, and can produce a variety of colours, although the original colour was red. 

Retrieved from: https://goo.gl/SF58xv

2. Photodiode - another type of diode is the the photo-diode. It is used for detecting light and it can be found when light strikes a PN junction that is why it can create electrons and holes. Photo-diodes can also be used to generate electricity.

 Retrieved on September 3, 2015

 From https://goo.gl/QsfH6J

3. Schottky diode - it is another type of diode that has a lower forward voltage drop than ordinary silicon PN junction diodes.To achieve this performance they are constructed in a different way to normal diodes having a metal to semiconductor contact. They can be widely used as clamping. 

Retrieved on September 3, 2015

 From https://goo.gl/sHWPx2

4. Varactor diode - it is another type of diode that is used in a lot of radio frequency applications.

Retrieved on September 3, 2015

 From https://goo.gl/QtRWZW 

5. Zener diode - it is another type of diode that is a very useful type of diode because it provides a very stable reference voltage. It is run under reverse bias conditions and it is found that when a certain voltage is reached it breaks down. If the current is limited through a resistor, it enables a stable voltage to be produced. This type of diode is therefore widely used to provide a reference voltage in power supplies. 

Retrieved on August 30, 2015

 from http://goo.gl/AaVmIS

DIODE ACTIVITY

I.                    Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

a.       determine the voltage and current flow of LED in a circuit;

b.      differentiate the voltage of LED between the two types of circuit.

II.                  Materials:

Voltage regulator                         Multitester                                             breadboard

LED               Connecting Wires

III.                Procedure:

1.       Connect the five LED in series connection.

2.       Applying a certain voltage output, determine the voltage drop and current on each LED.

3.       Repeat the procedure with increasing voltage output.

4.       Perform 5 trials.

5.       Do the same procedure but now, the five LEDs are connected in parallel connection.

6.       Record the data on the table.

V. Data and Result:

Table 1: LED in Series Connection

Vout	Voltage Drop, V					Current, I
	V1	V2	V3	V4	V5	I1	I2	I3	I4	I5
8.0V	0.4V	0.4V	0.4V	1.2V	0.4V	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.
9.8V	1.8V	1.6V	1.6V	2.8V	1.8V	0.5mA	0.5mA	0.5mA	0.5mA	0.5mA
13.0V	2.2V	2.0V	2.0V	3.0V	2.2V	40mA	40mA	40mA	40mA	40mA
16.0V	3.8V	2.8V	2.6V	3.2V	3.0V	145mA	145mA	145mA	145mA	145mA

Table 2: LED in Parallel Connection

VOUT	Voltage drop, V					Current, I
	V1	V2	V3	V4	V5	I1	I2	I3	I4	I5
2.8V	2.7V	2.7V	2.7V	2.7V	2.7V	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.
4.0V	3.7V	3.7V	3.7V	3.7V	3.7V	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.
6.6V	6.5V	6.5V	6.5V	6.5V	6.5V	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.
8.6V	8.5V	8.5V	8.5V	8.5V	8.5V	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.
12V	11.9V	11.9V	11.9V	11.9V	11.9V	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.

Based on the data gathered, it was observed that the light emitted by the LEDs in parallel connection were brighter with the voltage drops that are greater in value compared to the series connection.

IV.                Questions:

1.       How does the light emitted differ between the two circuits?

Answer: The LEDs in the parallel connection were brighter than the LEDs that were connected in series.

2.       What is the difference on the voltage drop between series and parallel?

Answer: It was very evident that the voltage drop in parallel was greater in value than the voltage drop in series connection

V.                  GENERALIZATION:

Based on the experiment we determined the difference of the brightness of light emitted by the LED which depends on the type of the circuit connection.

Retrieved from: https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/diodes

Retrieved from: http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/diode